Melatonin a léčba nespavosti
Melatonin, hormon produkovaný epifýzou v nočních hodinách, se u člověka uplatňuje jako časovač biologických rytmů a jako signál, který ohlašuje příchod spánku. Změněná úroveň sekrece a hladiny melatoninu byla zjištěna u různých psychiatrických poruch, jako je unipolární a bipolární deprese, sezonní afektivní porucha, bulimie, anorexie, panická porucha a obsedantně-kompulzivní porucha. Nízké hladiny melatoninu byly rovněž pozorovány u pacientů se schizofrenií. Se stoupajícím věkem produkce melatoninu klesá a zvyšuje se prevalence spánkových poruch, zejména nespavosti. V souvislosti s diagnostikou a terapií spánkových obtíží bývá jako dominující syndrom stále častěji popisován pocit nedostatečného osvěžení (vnímání nízké kvality spánku) a následně snížená aktivita ve dne. Melatonin může být užitečnou léčivou látkou v terapii poruch cirkadiánních rytmů, jako je syndrom změny časových pásem (jet-lag syndrome), zkracuje latenci usnutí a zároveň zlepšuje délku a kvalitu spánku. Melatonin může být rovněž využit jako krátkodobé hypnotikum u schizofrenních pacientů s nespavostí. Nízká produkce a sekrece melatoninu v noci byla prokázána u starších osob trpících nespavostí a jeho podávání se osvědčilo při léčbě spánkových obtíží u těchto pacientů. Ve srovnání s běžně předepisovanými látkami ze skupiny hypnotik, jako jsou benzodiazepiny a “Z” hypnotika (zolpidem, zopiklon), má melatonin několik klinicky významných předností, jednak nezpůsobuje ranní otupělost ani syndrom z odnětí, jednak není návykový.
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